Raspberry Pi Blog: wiringPi

7 segments can be driven using many different techniques in conjunction with software and hardware. Multiplexing is one of the most popular methods used to drive a 7 segment display when there are limited no of I/O pins.It uses the concept of POV(persistence of vision) where the human brain cannot detect the flickering of display when the refresh rate is very high(~50Hz).In this method the fundamental logic is to enable or disable the segment blocks at a very high speed at precise time slices.

7 segment multiplexing with raspberry pi

In case of Raspberry Pi there are limited no of I/O pins, hence we will use multiplexing. WiringPi is perfect for this job as it uses Arduino like code and the code executes at a higher priority. Display used in this example is of common cathode type.Make sure you have the right 7 segment display,else you will end up getting random segments turned on.For pin mapping check the code below:-

Code:-

#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS  500
#define DIGIT_ON  HIGH
#define DIGIT_OFF  LOW
#define SEGMENT_ON  LOW
#define SEGMENT_OFF HIGH
int SEGMENT_1=7; 
int SEGMENT_2=11;
int SEGMENT_3=13;
int SEGMENT_4=15;
int SEGMENT_A=3; 
int SEGMENT_B=5; 
int SEGMENT_C=18; 
int SEGMENT_D=19; 
int SEGMENT_E=23; 
int SEGMENT_F=24; 
int SEGMENT_G=25; 
void display_number(int num)
{
  pinMode(SEGMENT_1,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_2,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_3,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_4,OUTPUT);
  long start=millis();
  for(int i=4;i>0;i--)
  {
    switch(i)
    {
    case 1:
      digitalWrite(SEGMENT_1,DIGIT_ON);
      break;
    case 2:
      digitalWrite(SEGMENT_2,DIGIT_ON);
      break;
    case 3:
      digitalWrite(SEGMENT_3,DIGIT_ON);
      break;
    case 4:
      digitalWrite(SEGMENT_4,DIGIT_ON);
      break;
    }
    print_number(num%10);
    num/=10;
    delayMicroseconds(DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS); 
    print_number(10); 
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_1,DIGIT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_2,DIGIT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_3,DIGIT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_4,DIGIT_OFF);
  }
  while((millis()-start)<10);
}
void print_number(int num)
{
  pinMode(SEGMENT_A,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_B,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_C,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_D,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_E,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_F,OUTPUT);
  pinMode(SEGMENT_G,OUTPUT);
  switch(num)
  {
  case 0:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_OFF);
    break;
  case 1:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_OFF);
    break;
  case 2:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 3:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 4:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 5:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 6:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 7:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_OFF);
    break;
  case 8:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 9:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_ON);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_ON);
    break;
  case 10:
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_A,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_B,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_C,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_D,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_E,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_F,SEGMENT_OFF);
    digitalWrite(SEGMENT_G,SEGMENT_OFF);
    break;
  }
}
int main(void)
{
 printf("7 Segment Multiplexing using Raspberry Pi\n") ;
 if(getuid()!=0) //wiringPi requires root privileges  
 {  
  printf("Error:wiringPi must be run as root.\n");  
  return 1;  
 }  
 if(wiringPiSetup()==-1)  
 {  
  printf("Error:wiringPi setup failed!\n");  
  return 1;  
 }
 int counter=0;
 for(;;)
 {
  display_number(counter++);
                delay(1000);
  if(counter>9999)
   counter=0;
 }
  return 0;
}

Compile the code as...
gcc -o display segment.c -L/usr/local/lib -lwiringPi
Now execute it...
sudo ./display

DHT11 is a 4 pin sensor which can measure temperatures ranging from 0-50°C & relative humidity ranging from 20-95%.The sensor uses its own proprietary 1-wire protocol to communicate with Raspberry Pi and runs from 3.3V-5V. The timings must be precise and according to the datasheet of the sensor.

Raspberry Pi initiates the data transmission process by pulling the data bus low for about 18 ms and keeps it HIGH for about 20-40 μs before releasing it.Subsequently, the sensor responds to the Pi's data transfer request by pulling the data bus LOW for 80 μs followed by 80 μs of HIGH.At this point Pi is ready to receive data from the sensor.Data is sent in packet of 40 bits (5 bytes) via the data line with the most significant bit at the beginning.

Data is transmitted in the following order:- Integer Part of Relative Humidity--->Decimal Part of Relative Humidity--->Integer Part of Temperature--->Decimal Part of Temperature---> Checksum. Checksum consists the last 8 bits of each part. Transmission of '0' & '1' is done by varying the width of the pulse.For transmitting '0' the data bus is held HIGH for 26-28μs, and 70μs for transmitting '1'.A delay of 50μs(LOW) is introduced before any new data bit is transmitted.After the transmission of last data-bit the data line is held LOW for 50μs and released.

Circuit:-

Holding the DHT11 towards you (the one with grid), the left pin is connected to VCC (pin 1).The data pin is next after VCC and is connected to pin 7.Next pin is NC(no connection).Finally the last pin is connected to GND(pin 25).To prevent random data connect a 10K resistor between data and VCC pin of DHT11.

Software:-
WiringPi which uses C like Arduino language is used to read the sensor value. WiringPi is maintained under GIT for ease of change tracking.If you do not have GIT installed, then under any of the Debian releases, you can install it with-
sudo apt-get install git-core

To obtain WiringPi using GIT:
git clone git://git.drogon.net/wiringPi

If you have already used the clone operation for the first time, then

cd wiringPi
git pull origin
Will fetch an updated version then you can re-run the build script below.

To build/install there is a new simplified script:
cd wiringPi
./build

Save the below code as temp_rh_sensor.c...

#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#define MAX_TIME 85
#define DHT11PIN 7
int dht11_val[5]={0,0,0,0,0};
void dht11_read_val()
{
  uint8_t lststate=HIGH;
  uint8_t counter=0;
  uint8_t j=0,i;
  float farenheit;
  for(i=0;i<5;i++)
     dht11_val[i]=0;
  pinMode(DHT11PIN,OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(DHT11PIN,LOW);
  delay(18);
  digitalWrite(DHT11PIN,HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(40);
  pinMode(DHT11PIN,INPUT);
  for(i=0;i<MAX_TIME;i++)
  {
    counter=0;
    while(digitalRead(DHT11PIN)==lststate){
      counter++;
      delayMicroseconds(1);
      if(counter==255)
        break;
    }
    lststate=digitalRead(DHT11PIN);
    if(counter==255)
       break;
    // top 3 transistions are ignored
    if((i>=4)&&(i%2==0)){
      dht11_val[j/8]<<=1;
      if(counter>16)
        dht11_val[j/8]|=1;
      j++;
    }
  }
  // verify cheksum and print the verified data
  if((j>=40)&&(dht11_val[4]==((dht11_val[0]+dht11_val[1]+dht11_val[2]+dht11_val[3])& 0xFF)))
  {
    farenheit=dht11_val[2]*9./5.+32;
    printf("Humidity = %d.%d %% Temperature = %d.%d *C (%.1f *F)\n",dht11_val[0],dht11_val[1],dht11_val[2],dht11_val[3],farenheit);
  }
  else
    printf("Invalid Data!!\n");
}
int main(void)
{
  printf("Interfacing Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11) With Raspberry Pi\n");
  if(wiringPiSetup()==-1)
    exit(1);
  while(1)
  {
     dht11_read_val();
     delay(3000);
  }
  return 0;
}

Compile the code as...

gcc -o sensor temp_rh_sensor.c -L/usr/local/lib -lwiringPi

Now execute it...

sudo ./sensor

[ Humidity = 87.0 % Temperature = 32.2 *C (90.0 *F) ]

Code:-

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